Calamaro, C. J.; Mason, T. B.; Ratcliffe, S. J.
Adolescents may not receive the sleep they need. New media technology and new, popular energy drinks may be implicated in sleep deficits. In this pilot study we quantified nighttime technology use and caffeine consumption to determine effects on sleep duration and daytime behaviors in adolescents. We hypothesized that with increased technology use, adolescents increase caffeine consumption, resulting in insufficient sleep duration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Subjects were recruited from a pediatric office in a proximal suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Inclusion criteria for this study were middle and high school subjects aged 12 to 18 years old. The questionnaire, Adolescent Sleep, Caffeine Intake, and Technology Use, was developed by the investigators to measure adolescents\' intake of caffeinated drinks, use of nighttime media-related technology, and sleep behaviors. Descriptive statistics characterized the subjects, their caffeine and technology use, and sleep variables. Regression models assessed the relationships between caffeine, technology use, and sleep variables, having adjusted for age, race, gender, and BMI. RESULTS: Sleep was significantly related to the multitasking index. Teenagers getting 8 to 10 hours of sleep on school nights tended to have 1.5- to 2-fold lower multitasking indices compared with those getting
less sleep. Thirty-three percent of the teenagers reported falling asleep during school. Caffeine consumption tended to be 76% higher by those who fell asleep. The log-transformed multitasking index was significantly related to falling asleep during school and with difficulties falling asleep on weeknights. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents used multiple forms of technology late into the night and concurrently consumed caffeinated beverages. Subsequently, their ability to stay alert and fully functional throughout the day was impaired by excessive daytime sleepiness. Future studies should measure more than television hours when evaluating the impact of nighttime activities on sleep patterns in adolescents
Source: Pediatrics.123(6):e1005-10, 2009 Jun
Heffernan, T. P.; Kawasumi, M.; Blasina, A.; Anderes, K.; Conney, A. H.; Nghiem, P.
New approaches to prevent and reverse UV damage are needed to combat rising sunlight-induced skin cancer rates. Mouse studies have shown that oral or topical caffeine promotes elimination of UV-damaged keratinocytes through apoptosis and markedly inhibits subsequent skin cancer development. This
potentially important therapeutic effect has not been studied in human skin cells. Here, we use primary human keratinocytes to examine which of several caffeine effects mediates this process. In these cells, caffeine more than doubled apoptosis after 75 mJ cm(-2) of ultraviolet light B (UVB). Selectively targeting two of caffeine\'s known effects did not alter UVB-induced apoptosis: inhibition of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and augmentation of cyclic AMP levels. In contrast, siRNA against ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) doubled apoptosis after UV through a p53-independent mechanism. Caffeine did not further augment apoptosis after UVB in cells in which ATR had been specifically depleted, suggesting that a key target of caffeine in this effect is ATR. Inhibition of a central ATR target, checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), through siRNA or a new and highly specific inhibitor (PF610666) also augmented UVB-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that a relevant target of caffeine is the ATR-Chk1 pathway and that inhibiting ATR or Chk1 might have promise in preventing or reversing UV damage
Source: Journal of Investigative Dermatology.129(7):1805-15, 2009 Jul.
Wentz, C. T.; Magavi, S. S.
Neurogenesis continues through adulthood in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb of mammals. Adult neurogenesis has been implicated in learning and memory, and linked with depression. Hippocampal neurogenesis is increased in response to a number of stimuli, including exposure to an enriched environment, increased locomotor activity, and administration of antidepressants. Adult neurogenesis is depressed in response to aging, stress and sleep deprivation. Intriguingly, caffeine modulates a number of these same stimuli in a dose dependent manner. We examined the dose and duration dependent effects of caffeine on the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of newly generated hippocampal neurons in adult mice. Extended, 7 day caffeine administration, alters the proliferation of adult hippocampal precursors in the mouse in a dose dependent manner; moderate to high doses (20-30 mg/kg per day) of caffeine depress proliferation while supraphysiological doses (60 mg/kg per day) increase proliferation of neuronal precursors. Acute, 1 day administration had no affect on proliferation. Caffeine administration does not affect the expression of early or late markers of neuronal differentiation, or rates of long-term survival. However, neurons induced in response to supraphysiological levels of caffeine have a lower survival rate than control cells; increased proliferation does not yield an increase in long-term neurogenesis. These results demonstrate that physiologically relevant doses of caffeine can significantly depress adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Chen, Y.; Parrish, T. B.
Caffeine is a popular psychostimulant, typically found in beverages. While low to intermediate doses of caffeine are associated with positive feelings and increased mental performance and alertness, high doses induce negative feelings such as insomnia, anxiety and nervousness. We investigate if this nonlinear dose-response is present for caffeine\'s effects on functional activation. Twenty-seven healthy subjects were assigned randomly to four different groups: saline, 1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg doses of caffeine. Simultaneous ASL/BOLD timeseries were collected both before and after an intravenous infusion of saline or caffeine and the task-induced CBF and BOLD percent changes were compared. The maximum increase in BOLD response was associated with the intermediate caffeine dose of 2.5 mg/kg, which increased BOLD response by 32.2% and 32.5% in motor and visual areas respectively. The maximum increase in CBF response was associated with the highest caffeine dose of 5 mg/kg. This difference could be related to a different density of A(1) and A(2A) adenosine receptors in the brain.
Temple, J. L.
Caffeine is a widely used psychoactive substance in both adults and children that is legal, easy to obtain, and socially acceptable to consume. Although once relatively restricted to use among adults, caffeine-containing drinks are now consumed regularly by children. In addition, some caffeine-containing beverages are specifically marketed to children as young as 4 years of age. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the effects of caffeine use on behavior and physiology of children remains understudied and poorly understood. The purpose of this article is to review what is known about caffeine use in children and adolescents, to discuss why children and adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of caffeine, and to propose how caffeine consumption within this population may potentiate the rewarding properties of other substances. The following topics are reviewed: (1) tolerance and addiction to caffeine, (2) sensitization and cross-sensitization to the effects of caffeine, (3) caffeine self-administration and reinforcing value, and (4) conditioning of preferences for caffeine-containing beverages in both adults and children.
Source: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.33(6):793-806, 2009 Jun.
Nettleton, J. A.; Follis, J. L.; Schabath, M. B.
Coffee contains polyphenolic antioxidants and caffeine, which may favorably affect pulmonary function. Therefore, the authors studied cross-sectional associations (1987-1989) between coffee intake and pulmonary function in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, a population-based cohort study (analytic sample = 10,658). They also conducted analyses stratified by smoking status, since smoking is a strong risk factor for respiratory disease and could influence the effects of caffeine and antioxidants. Self-reported coffee intake was categorized as rare/never, <7 cups/week, 1 cup/day, 2-3 cups/day, and >or=4 cups/day. Pulmonary function was characterized by the spirometric measures forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)). After adjustment for demographic factors, lifestyle characteristics, and dietary factors, pulmonary function values increased across increasing categories of coffee consumption in never and former smokers but not in current smokers. In never or former smokers who consumed >or=4 cups of coffee daily, FVC and FEV(1) were 2%-3% greater than in never or former smokers who rarely/never consumed coffee (P(trend) values: in never smokers, 0.04 for FVC and 0.07 for FEV(1); in former smokers, <0.001 for FVC and <0.001 for FEV(1)). These data show a possible beneficial effect of coffee (or a coffee ingredient) on pulmonary function, but it appears to be limited to nonsmokers
Source: American Journal of Epidemiology.169(12):1445-53, 2009 Jun 15.
Martin-Schild, S.; Hallevi, H.; Shaltoni, H.; Barreto, A. D.; Gonzales, N. R.; Aronowski, J.; Savitz, S. I.; Grotta,
Both caffeinol and hypothermia are neuroprotective in preclinical models of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We tested whether combining caffeinol and hypothermia with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in patients with acute stroke is safe and feasible. METHODS: Twenty patients with acute ischemic stroke were treated with caffeinol (caffeine 8-9 mg/kg + ethanol 0.4 g/kg intravenously [IV] x 2 hours, started by 4 hours after symptom onset) and hypothermia (started by 5 hours and continued for 24 hours [target temperature 33-35 degrees C] followed by 12 hours of rewarming). IV t-PA was given to eligible patients. Meperidine and buspirone were used to suppress shivering. RESULTS: All patients received caffeinol, and most reached target blood levels. Cooling was attempted in 18 patients via endovascular (n = 8) or surface (n = 10) approaches. Two patients were not cooled due to catheter or machine failure. Thirteen patients reached target temperature; average time from symptom onset was 9 hours and 43 minutes. The last 5 hypothermia patients received surface cooling with iced saline induction and larger doses of meperidine; all patients reached target temperature, on average within 2 hours and 30 minutes from induction and 6 hours and 21 minutes from symptom onset. Three patients died: one from symptomatic hemorrhage, one from malignant cerebral edema, and one from unrelated medical complications. No adverse events were attributed to caffeinol. One patient had reduced respiratory drive due to meperidine, requiring BiPAP. DISCUSSION: Combining caffeinol with hypothermia in patients with acute stroke given IV t-PA is feasible. A prospective placebo-controlled randomized study is needed to further assess safety and to test the efficacy of caffeinol, hypothermia, or both
Source: Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases.18(2):86-96, 2009 Mar-Apr
Gliottoni, R. C.; Meyers, J. R.; Arngrimsson, S. A.; Broglio, S. P.; Motl, R. W.
This experiment examined the effect of a moderate dose of caffeine on quadriceps muscle pain during a bout of high-intensity cycling in low- versus high-caffeine-consuming males. College-age men who were low (< or =100 mg/day; n = 12) or high (> or =400 mg/day; n = 13) habitual caffeine consumers ingested caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight) or a placebo in a counterbalanced order and 1 hr later completed 30 min of cycle ergometry at 75-77% of peak oxygen consumption. Perceptions of quadriceps muscle pain, as well as oxygen consumption, heart rate, and work rate, were recorded during both bouts of exercise. Caffeine ingestion resulted in a statistically significant and moderate reduction in quadriceps muscle-pain-intensity ratings during the 30-min bout of high-intensity cycle ergometry compared with placebo ingestion in both low (d = -0.42) and high (d = -0.55) caffeine consumers. The results suggest that caffeine ingestion is associated with a moderate hypoalgesic effect during high-intensity cycling in college-age men who are low or high habitual caffeine consumers, but future work should consider better defining and differentiating pain and effort when examining the effects of caffeine during acute exercise
Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism.19(2):150-61, 2009 Apr
Aldughpassi, A.; Wolever, T. M. S.
Coffee and tea may influence glycaemic responses but it is not clear whether they affect the glycaemic index (GI) value of foods. To see if coffee and tea affected the mean and s.e.m. of GI values, the GI of fruit leather (FL) and cheese puffs (CP) were determined twice in 10 subjects using the FAO/WHO protocol with white bread as the reference food. In one series subjects consumed 250 ml of coffee or tea with all test meals, while in the other series they drank 250 ml of water. The tests for both series were conducted as a single experiment with the order of all tests being randomized. Coffee and tea drinking increased the overall mean peak blood glucose increment compared with intake of water by 0.25 (s.e.m. 0.09) mmol/l (P = 0.02), but did not significantly affect the incremental area under the glucose response curve. Mean GI values were not affected by coffee or tea but the s.e.m. was reduced by about 30 % (FL: 31 (s.e.m. 4) vs. 35 (s.e.m. 7) and CP: 76 (s.e.m. 6) vs. 75 (s.e.m. 8) for coffee or tea vs. water, respectively). The error mean square term from the ANOVA of the GI values was significantly smaller for coffee or tea vs. water (F(18, 18) = 2.31; P = 0.04). It is concluded that drinking coffee or tea with test meals does not affect the mean GI value obtained, but may reduce variability and, hence, improve precision.
Source : British Journal of Nutrition 2009 vol.101 (9), pp 1282-1285
Jahanfar, S.; Sharifah, H.
Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy may have adverse effects on fetal, neonatal and maternal outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This review investigates the effects of restricting caffeine intake by mothers on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group\'s Trials Register (December 2008), scanned bibliographies of published studies and corresponded with investigators. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials including quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of caffeine and/or supplementary caffeine versus restricted caffeine intake or placebo on pregnancy outcome. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: One study met the inclusion criteria. Caffeinated instant coffee (568 women) was compared with decaffeinated instant coffee (629 women) and it was found that reducing the caffeine intake of regular coffee drinkers (3+ cups/day) during the second and third trimester by an average of 182 mg/day did not affect birthweight or length of gestation. AUTHORS\' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to confirm or refute the effectiveness of caffeine avoidance on birthweight or other pregnancy outcomes. There is a need to conduct high-quality, double-blinded RCTs to determine whether caffeine has any effect on pregnancy outcome
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.(2):CD006965, 2009
Lee, T. H.
Whether it\'s a basic Mr. Coffee or a gadget that sports a snazzy device for grinding beans on demand, the office coffee machine offers a place for serendipitous encounters that can improve the social aspect of work and generate new ideas. What\'s more, a steaming cup of joe may be as good for your health as it is for the bottom line, says Lee, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and the CEO of Partners Community HealthCare. Fears of coffee\'s carcinogenic effects now appear to be unfounded, and, in fact, the brew might even protect against some types of cancer. What\'s more, coffee may guard against Alzheimer\'s disease and other forms of dementia and somehow soften the blow of a heart attack. Of course, its role as a pick-me-up is well known. So there\'s no need to take your coffee with a dollop of guilt, especially if you ease up on the sugar, cream, double chocolate, and whipped-cream topping
Kastorini, C. M.; Chrysohoou, C.; Panagiotakos, D.; Aggelopoulos, P.; Liontou, C.; Pitsavos, C.; Stefanadis, C.
The association between coffee consumption and the development of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in patients who had suffered an acute coronary syndrome was evaluated. The study, conducted in 2006-2007, involved 144 male (65 +or- 14 yr) and 50 female (71 +or- 12 yr) post-acute coronary syndrome patients who had developed LVSD (ejection fraction <40%) after a cardiac event and 129 male (64 +or- 12 yr) and 51 female (67 +or- 10 yr) post-acute coronary syndrome patients without LVSD (ejection fraction >50%). Participants were consequently selected. Detailed information regarding their medical records, sociodemographic and anthropometric data, and various psychological and lifestyle characteristics (physical activity, smoking habits, etc.) were recorded. In particular, nutritional habits, including coffee consumption, were evaluated using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Multi-adjusted analysis revealed that in normotensive patients a coffee consumption of 1-2 cups/day was associated with 88% (95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.84) lower likelihood of developing LVSD and consumption of >3 cups/day with 90% (95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.88) lower likelihood for LVSD, compared with no history of coffee consumption and after adjusting for various confounders. In contrast, in hypertensive patients coffee consumption of >3 cups/day was associated with 4.5-fold higher likelihood of developing LVSD (95% confidence interval, 0.89¬22.58) as compared with no history of coffee consumption. It is concluded that coffee consumption has opposite effects on the likelihood of developing LVSD in post-acute coronary syndrome patients depending on their blood pressure
Anon.
Minutes of the 3rd session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, held in Rotterdam, Netherlands, on 23-27 March 2009 are reported. Agenda items considered include: a draft revision of the preamble of the General Standard for contaminants and toxins in foods; a draft code of practice for the reduction of acrylamide in foods; a draft code of practice for the reduction of contamination of food with PAH from smoking and direct drying processes; proposed draft MRL for total aflatoxins in Brazil nuts; a proposed draft code of practice for the prevention and reduction of ochratoxin A contamination in coffee; 5 discussion papers on the following topics - fumonisins, benzene in soft drinks, cyanogenic glycosides, mycotoxins in sorghum and ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages; and a priority list of contaminants and naturally occurring toxicants proposed for evaluation by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 11 appendices are included which comprise: a list of the session participants; the 5 proposed draft and draft regulations and the priority list discussed; amendments to paragraph 10, sample preparation in the sampling plans for aflatoxin contamination in almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios; and 3 project documents on proposals for new work on - MRL for fumonisins in corn and corn products and associated sampling plans, a code of practice for the reduction of ethyl carbamate in stone fruit distillates, and MRL for melamine in food and feed. [This report was prepared for the 32nd session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme), 29 June-4 July 2009 in Rome, Italy. It is available, in En, Es or Fr, from the Codex Alimentarius website.]
Source : FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme.ALIM 09,32,41, 2009 (full text)
Lesk, V. E.; Honey, T. E.; de Jager, C. A.
We investigated the effect of recent intake of caffeine-containing foodstuffs (CCFS) on a group of elderly participants (age range 67-95 years) on a series of neuropsychological tests. There was no significant effect of CCFS intake on performance in any of the tests in the battery used. However, a significant interaction effect was found between age and CCFS consumption on scores of some neuropsychological tests. In these tests, participants with recent consumption of CCFS show a linear decrease in performance with increasing age, a pattern not seen for those that have no CCFS in their system. Accuracy in the neuropsychological assessment is of great importance when determining whether someone has a cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer\'s disease. We therefore propose that recent consumption of CCFS should be taken into account when scoring the neuropsychological assessment
Source: Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders.27(4):322-8, 2009
Pera, L. la; Liberatore, A.; Avellone, G.; Fanara, S.; Dugo, G.; Agozzino, P.
A simple, sensitive and accurate method for analysis of furan in roasted coffee was used based on headspace-solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to GC-MS. Extraction was performed using 75- mum carboxen and/or polydimethylsiloxane fibre. Ionic strength, extraction time and temp. and desorption time were assessed as the most important parameters affecting the HS-SPME procedure and d4-furan was used as the internal standard. Linearity range was in the range 0.0075-0.486 ng g-1; LOD and LOQ calculated using the signal-to-noise ratio approach were 0.002 and 0.006 ng g-1, respectively. Inter-and intra-day precision was 8 and 10%, respectively. Concn. of furan found in batches of roasted coffee powder from different producing countries ranged from 57.3 to 587.3 ng g-1. Mean reduction in furan levels observed when brewing coffee by either infusion, using a moka pot or an expresso machine was 57, 67.5 and 63.3%, respectively
Alonso-Salces, R. M.; Serra, F.; Reniero, F.; Heberger, K.
Green coffee beans of the 2 main commercial coffee varieties, Coffea arabica (Arabica) and C. canephora (Robusta), from the major growing regions of America, Africa, Asia and Oceania were studied. The contents of chlorogenic acids, cinnamoyl amides, cinnamoyl glycosides, free phenolic acids and methylxanthines of green coffee beans were analysed by LC coupled with UV spectrophotometry to determine their botanical and geographical origins. The analysis of caffeic acid, 3-feruloylquinic acid, 5-feruloylquinic acid, 4-feruloylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoyl-5-feruloylquinic acid, 3-caffeoyl-4-feruloylquinic acid, 3-p-coumaroyl-4-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoyl-4-dimethoxycinnamoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoyl-5-dimethoxycinnamoylquinic acid, p-coumaroyl-N-tryptophan, feruloyl-N-tryptophan, caffeoyl-N-tryptophan and caffeine enabled the unequivocal botanical characterization of green coffee beans. Moreover, some free phenolic acids and cinnamate conjugates of green coffee beans showed great potential as means for the geographical characterization of coffee. Thus, p-coumaroyl-N-tyrosine, caffeoyl-N-phenylalanine, caffeoyl-N-tyrosine, 3-dimethoxycinnamoyl-5-feruloylquinic acid and dimethoxycinnamic acid were found to be characteristic markers for Ugandan Robusta green coffee beans. Multivariate data analysis of the phenolic and methylxanthine profiles provided preliminary results that allowed showing their potential for the determination of the geographical origin of green coffees. Linear discriminant analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) provided classification models that correctly identified all authentic Robusta green coffee beans from Cameroon and Vietnam and 94% of those from Indonesia. Moreover, PLS-DA afforded independent models for Robusta samples from these 3 countries with sensitivities and specificities of classifications close to 100% and for Arabica samples from America and Africa with sensitivities of 86 and 70% and specificities to the other class of 90 and 97%, respectively
Source: Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry.57, (10):4224-4235, 2009
Alpmann, A.; Morlock, G.
A new method was developed for determination of acrylamide in ground coffee by planar chromatography using prechromatographic in situ derivatization with dansulfinic acid. After pressurized fluid extraction of acrylamide from the coffee samples, the extracts were passed through activated C and concentrated. These extracts were applied to a silica gel 60 HPTLC plate and oversprayed with dansulfinic acid. By heating the plate, acrylamide was derivatized into the fluorescent product, dansylpropanamide. Chromatographic separation with ethyl acetate-tert-butyl methyl ether (8 + 2, v/v) mobile phase was followed by densitometric quantification at 254/>400 nm using a 4 point calibration via the standard addition method over the whole system, in which acrylamide was added at different concn. at the beginning of the extraction process. The method was validated for commercial coffee. Linearity over the whole procedure showed determination coeff. between 0.9995 and 0.9825 (n = 6). Limit of quantitation at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 was determined to be 48 mug/kg. The within-run precision (relative s.d., n = 6) of the chromatographic method was 3%. Commercial coffee samples analysed showed acrylamide contents between 52 and 191 mug/kg, which was in agreement with amounts reported in previous publications